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Taxonomy :
Taxis = arrangement, nomos = law ® Taxonomy is the study of principles and procedures of classification.
This word was proposed by A.P.
de. Candolle in his book "Theories elementaire de la
botanique" (Theory of elementary botany)
Taxonomy
includes study of following 4 points
(1) Identification - Identification of living organisms
(2) Nomenclature - Nomenclature of living organisms
(3) Classification - Classification of living organisms in
groups
(4) Affinities - Study of inter relationship between
living organisms
Systematics :- (Branch related with taxonomy)
(1) The
term "Systematics" was proposed by Linnaeus
(2) Systematics,
is the study of diversity of organisms and all their compartive and
evolutionary relationship. It includes description of external morphological
characters of plants or living organisms.
eg. Morphological characters of Root, Stem,
Leaves, Flowers
New systematics
or Neo systematics or Biosystematics :-
(1) Neo
- systematics - A new branch - Name given by Julian Huxley (1940)
(2) It
includes description of all the characters (internal) including morphological
characters (external) of plants or living organism.
(3) It
is used to know the inter relationship among living organism.
Note : New systematics is
mainly based on evolutionary as well as genetic relationship(experimental
taxonomy) as compared to morphological characters.
Some Informations
:
l Maximum diversity
is found in tropical rain forests.
l Second maximum
diversity is found in coral reefs
l Practical
significance of taxonomy is ® Identification
of unknown organism.
Nomenclature
Polynomial system
:
According to this system name of
any plant consists of many words.
For eg. Caryophyllum–Caryophyllum
saxatilis folis gramineus umbellatis corymbis
Binomial system :
(1) Binomial system was
first proposed by Gaspard Bauhin in his book - "Pinax Theatre
Botanica"
(2) Carolus Linnaeus :- Linnaeus used this nomenclature system for the first time on large
scale and proposed scientific name of all the plants and animals.
l Linnaeus is the
founder of binomial system.
l Linnaeus is the
founder of binomial system.
l Linnaeus proposed
scientific name of plants in his book "Species plantarum". It
was published on
1 May 1753. So this was the initiation of binomial system for plants.So any name proposed (for plants) before this date is not accepted today.
1 May 1753. So this was the initiation of binomial system for plants.So any name proposed (for plants) before this date is not accepted today.
l Linnaeus proposed
scientific name of animals in his book "Systema naturae" (10th edition).
l This 10th edition of Systema naturae
was published on 1 August 1758. So
initiation of binomial system for animals is believed to be started on 1 Aug,
1758.
Principle of Priority
:-
The nomenclature is done by
principle of priority. If two names are proposed for any plant after the 1753,
the valid name is the earlier name proposed just after 1 May, 1753.
ICBN
"International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature"
ICBN - Book of
rules of nomenclature
l Collection of rules regarding
scientific - nomenclature of plants is known as ICBN.
l ICBN was firstly
proposed by –
Sprague, Hitchcock, Green (1930)
l ICBN was first
accepted in 1961.
l 12th International congress,
Leningrade, revised ICBN in 1975.
l After revision it was
republished in 1978. So that ICBN was published two times
(1)
1961 (2)
1978
Main rules of
ICBN :-
(1) According to binomial system name of any
species consists of two names -
(i) Generic
name - Name of genus
(ii) Specific epithet - Trival name
Solanum tuberosum (Potato) Mangifera indica(Mango)
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Generic
name Specific epithet Generic name Specific epithet
(2) In plant nomenclature (ICBN) tautonyms
are not valid i.e. generic name and specific name should not be same in plants.
eg. Mangifera mangifera
But tautonyms are valid in animal
nomenclature (ICZN-International Code of Zoological Nomenclature)
eg. Naja naja (Indian cobra) , Rattus rattus (Rat)
(3) Length of generic name or specific name
should not be less than 3 letters and not more than 12 letters.
eg.
Mangifera indica
Exception :- Riccia pathankotensis -
More than 12 letters
According
to ICBN this name is not valid but this name was proposed before 1961, so it is
valid.
(4) First letter of generic name should be
in capital letter and first letter of specific name should be in small letter.
eg. Mangifera indica
But if specific name is based on
the name of some person, its first letter should be in capital letter.
eg. Isoetes Pantii
(5) When written with free hand or typed,
then generic name and specific name should be separately underlined. But during
printing name should be italized.
(6) Name of scientist (who proposed
nomenclature) should be written in short after the specific name
eg. Mangifera
indica Lin.
(7) Name of scientist should be neither
underlined nor written in italics, but written in roman letters (simple
alphabets)
(8) If any scientist has proposed wrong name
then his name should be written in bracket and the scientist who corrected the
name should be written after the bracket.
eg. Tsuga canadensis (Lin.) Salisbury
Note :
Linnaeus named this plant as Pinus canadensis
(9) Scientific names should be derived from
Latin or Greek languages because they are dead languages.
(10) Type specimen (Herbarium Sheet) of newly
discovered plant should be placed in herbarium (Dry garden).
(11) Standard size of herbarium sheet is 11.5 ×
16.5 inches.
Type specimen (Herbarium sheet)
are of different type
Holotype – Herbarium
sheet on which the first description of plant is based.
Lectotype – In
case of holotype is lost, second herbarium sheet prepared from the original plant is called lectotype.
Neotype – In
case of holotype and original plant is lost, then herbarium sheets are prepared
from some other plant of same species, called as neotype.
Syntype – In
case of holotype and original plant is lost then many herbarium sheets are
prepared from many plants of same species is called as syntype.
Isotype – Duplicate of holotype
– In presence of holotype a second herbarium sheet prepared from the original
plant is called isotype.
Paratype – Additional herbarium
sheet used in the first description of plant is called paratype. It is prepared
from some other plant of same species having some variations.
Note : Nomenclature is invalid in absence of Herbarium sheet.
ICNB = International Code of Nomenclature for Bacteria
ICVN = International Code of Viral Nomenclature
ICNCP = International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
Trinomial
system :-
(1) Proposed by Huxley and Stricklandt
(2) According to this system name of any
plant or species is composed of three names -
(i) Generic name (ii) Specific name (iii) Subspecific name (Name
of variety)
When members of any species have
large variations then trinomial system is used. On the basis of dissimilarities this species is classified
into sub species -
eg. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (Cauliflower)
Brassica
oleracea var. capitata (Cabbage)
Brassica
oleracea var. caulorapa (Knol-Khol)
CLASSIFICATION
Biological
classification :–
The art of identifying distinctions
among organisms and placing them into
groups that reflect their most significant features and relationship is called
biological classification.
The purpose of biological
classification is to organise the vast number of known organisms into
categories that could be named, remembered and studied.
According to "A.P.
de Candolle", Classification is of two types
(1) Empirical Classification (2) Rational Classification
1. Empirical Classification :-
(i) In
this type, the actual nature or character of plants is not considered.
(ii) Plants are classified on the basis of their alphabetical
order. i.e. on the basis of the name of plant.
(iii) On the basis of name, plant kingdom can be classified in 26
groups.
(Their are 26 alphabets
in English - According to this classification, all plants having same initial
alphabet, are placed in one group. For example :- If the name of plants, starts
from 'A', then it is placed in "A - group". Similarly if it starts
with 'B', then it is placed in 'B - group")
(iv) This is not a true classification. It has only one application
:- "Listing of flora".
(v) If
any scientist, writes the flora of a particular area then he uses empirical
classification.
Flora Plants growing in
a particular area.
• Two books in which flora of India is
written
(i)
Flora British Indica By J.D.
Hooker (ii) Flora Indica By William Rouxburgh
2. Rational Classification :-
In this classification, plants are
classified on the basis of their actual character or nature i.e. by viewing the
characters.
Type of rational
classification
(i) Practical classification :- In this type of classification, plants are classified on the basis of
their economic importance. In this type of classification morphology of plants
is not considered.
e.g.
Oil yielding plants Coconut,
Walnut, Soyabean
Fibre yielding plants Jute,
Cotton
Medicinal plants
Rauwolfia, Cinchona, Eucalyptus
Note : In this classification, any one plant can be a member of more than
one group.
eg. Turmeric : Multi uses plant, it gives both medicines and
spices.
(ii) Artificial
classification :- In this type of classification plants are classified on
the basis of one or two morphological characters. i.e. over all morphology is
not considered.
for e.g. - Classification proposed by Linnaeus is
Artificial
Linnaeus
classified plant kingdom on the basis of only two characters
(1) Stamens (2) Carpel
On the basis of stamens and style,
Linnaeus classified plant kingdom in to 24 classes
(1) Monandria
— Those flowers in which only 1 stamen
is present.
(2) Diandria
—
2 stamens in flower
(3) Triandria — 3 stamens in flower
¯
(23) Polyandria —
Many stamens
(24) Nonandria/Cryptogamia — No stamens
Note : Linnaeus divided
flowering plants into 23 classes starting with class monandria with a single
stamen (eg. Canna) and plants with twenty or more stamens attached with
calyx were assigned to class Icosandria.
He also included all non-flowering plants such as algae, fungi, lichens,
mosses and ferns in a separate class called cryptogamia or nonandria.
(iii) Natural classification :- In this type, plants are
classified on the basis of their complete morphological characters of
stem, root, leaves, flowers etc. Maximum characters are taken as base in
this classification.
Importance –
Natural classification is believed
to be the best classification, because it represents the natural
similarities and dissimilarities of plants i.e. it represents the
interrelationship among plants.
In this classification, the plants
belonging to the same group shows many similarities, while in artificial
classification, the plants belonging to the same group shows only, 1 or 2
similar characters. They have many dissimilarities.
Natural
classification is of two types
(a) Natural
formal (b) Natural phylogenetic
(a) Natural
formal In this classification, the
phylogeny of the plant is not considered i.e. only the morphology of the plant
is considered.
(b) Natural
phylogenetic In this classification,
both morphology and phylogeny are considered. In phylogenetic classification,
the plants are arranged on the basis of their evolution.
Lamarck :- Proposed the term
"Phylogeny"
Ernest Haeckel :- Gave the concept of phylogeny
Charles Darwin :- Gave broad explanation of phylogeny
in his book "ORIGIN OF SPECIES"(1859)
(Geneology Sequence of evolution)
Geneology of plant kingdom :-
Thallophyta Bryophyta
Pteridophyta Gymnosperm Angiosperm (most advanced plants)
Note : Phylogenetic
classification also known as cladistic classification
v) Adansonian system or
phenetic classification or Numerical classification :-
Proposed by "Sokel
and Sneath". In it plants are classified on the basis of numbers of
similarities and dissimilarities.
Note :
In this, importance to
any one character is not given , all characters have same importance. While in
natural classification floral (reproductive)
characters have more importance than vegetative (root, stem and leaves)
characters.
Taxonomic categories
Biggest group Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
- Cohort
Family
Genus
SpeciesTheir are 7
main taxonomic categories.They are obligate categories i.e.
they are strictly used at the time of any plant classification.
There are some extra categories,
like sub division, sub order, sub family, tribe, sub tribe, etc. They are not regularly used. They are
used only when they are needed.
Classification of
Radish :-
Kingdom — Plantae
Division — Spermatophyta
Class — Dicotyledonae
Order — Parietales
Family — Brassicaceae
Genus — Raphanus
Species — R.
sativus
l Taxon :- Plant groups or animal groups included in categories are called
Taxon.
l Adolf Mayer - First proposed the term "Taxon" - for animals.
l H.J. Lan
:- First proposed the term
"Taxon" - for plants.
l The classification of any plant or
animal is written in descending order.
l Hierarchy - Descending arrangement of
taxonomic categories is known as hierarchy.
l Species :-
Smallest taxonomic category It is basic unit of classification
Suffix for taxa (Taxon)
Division — phyta
Sub
div — phytina
Class — opsida,
phyceae,ae
Order — ales
Sub-
order — ineae
Family — aceae
Sub
Family — oideae
Tribe — eae
Sub
tribe — inae
Note : There is no suffix for Genus,
Species and Kingdom
Species concept
John
Ray :- Proposed the term and concept of species
To explain the species different
concepts were proposed, which are as follows
(A) Biological concept of species :-
(1) Mayr
proposed the biological concept of species.
(2) Mayr
defined the "species" in the form of biological concept.
(3) According
to Mayr "All the members that can interbreed among themselves and can produce
fertile offsprings are the members of same species"
But this definition of
Mayr was incomplete because this definition is applicable to sexually
reproducing living beings because there are many organisms that have only
asexual mode of reproduction.
eg. Bacteria, Mycoplasma, BGA
(4) The
main character in determination of any species is interbreeding. But this
character is not used in taxonomy. In taxonomy, the determination of species is
based on other characters.
eg. - Mainly morphological characters
(5) In
higher plants, the determination of species is mainly based on the morphology
of flower (floral morphology). Because floral (reproductive) characters are
more conservative as compared to vegetative (Root, Stem, Leaf) characters i.e.
they do not show major changes.
(6) When
the species is determined on the basis
of interbreeding then it is called as biological species.
eg. All the humans in this world can
interbreed among themselves.
So
all the humans are the members of one biological species.
(7) When
the determination of species is based on other characters then it is called as taxonomic
species.
eg.
Cauliflower Cabbage Knol – Khol
Brassica
oleracea
These 3 have same
morphological characters. Therefore they belong to same taxonomic species i.e. one
taxonomic species. But these three can not interbreed among themselves.
Therefore on the basis of interbeeding these are three biological species.
(B) Static concept of species :-
(1) The
static concept of species was proposed by Linnaeus. According to Linnaeus
"species is un-changeable"
i.e. there is no change in the character of species. The species of
present day are same as they were in past and they will remain same in future.
(2) Linnaeus
believed in the "Theory of Special creation"
Father Suarez - gave
the principle of special creation. According to this theory "All the
living organisms are created by God (Every life is created by God) and God gave
the basic size and shape of all living organisms, they are still present in
their actual former form. But Lamarck rejected this hypothesis.
(C) Dynamic
concept of species :-
(1) It
was proposed by "Lamarck".
(2) According
to this concept "Species is always changeable". Changes always occur
in the characters of species from one generation to next generation. And these
changes are known as "evolution".
D) Typological
concept :-
(1) It
was proposed by "Aristotle" and "Plato".
(2) According
to this concept "There is a definite type or pattern of characters in the
each species of every living organisms and all the members of species show
maximum resemblance with this pattern. (Typological concept is based on single
individual of species)
The species in which a
fixed pattern of characters is present are called as monotypic species.
eg. Bacteria, BGA
(3) In
many species, more than one type or pattern of characters are present. These
are called "Polytypic species" or "Macrospecies".
eg. Brassica oleracea Cauliflower, Cabbage, Knol - khol
Polytypic Species are of three
types
l Biotype – Members of same
species inhabiting similar environment and having some genetic variations are
known as biotypes. Variations found in these members are permanent. These
members can not interbreed among them selves.
eg. Cauliflower, Cabbage, Knol–Khol are three
biotypes of one species
l Ecotypes – Members of same
species inhabiting different environment and having some genetic variations are
know as ecotypes. Variations are permanent. These members can interbreed among
them selves but due to geographical barrier they can not interbreed.
eg.
Crow (Corvus splendense) found in different regions are ecotype
of one species
Corvus
splendense splendense – Indian crow
Corvus splendense insolense –
Myanmar crow
Corvus
splendense protegatus – Srilankan crow
l Ecads or Ecophenes – Members of same species having some non
genetic variations due to change in environment. These variations are
temporary.
eg. Every living being
Note :- This
hypothesis is believed to be most acceptable.
Some
definition related to species
(1) Linneon species :- Those taxonomic
species whose determination is based on morphology. They are called as linneon
species. They are also called morpho-species or taxonomic species.
eg. Most of species in taxonomy are linneon
species
(2) Microspecies or Joardan's species :-
Those species in which variations are very less. They reproduce asexually so
they have very less variations.
(3) Sibling species or Cryptic species :-
Members of species which are morphologically similar but reproductively
isolated are known as sibling species i.e. they can not interbreed among
themselves.
Sibling species is one taxonomic
species (because these members have similar morphology) but they are different
biological species. [Because they can not interbreed]
eg. Brassica oleracea
(4) Allopatric species :- The species
found in different geographical regions and have geographical barriors between
them are known as allopatric species.
Geographical barriors
like hills, oceans, Himalyan mountains
(5) Sympatric species :- The species
found in similar geographical regions.
(6) Allochronic species :- The
species found in different time periods or era
eg. Man and Dinosaurs
(7) Synchronic species :- Those
species that are found in same era
eg. Dinosaurs and Archaeopteryx
(8) Palaeo species :- Those species
that are extinct now and are found in the form of fossils.
eg. Dinosaurs
(9) Neontological species :- Those
species which are living presently.
Note : Biochemical resemblances are used in the identification of Moneran
species.
Type of taxonomy
(A) Alpha taxonomy or classical taxonomy : It is based on external morphology characters of plants.
(B) Beta taxonomy : Besides external morphology, it also includes internal
characters like embryological, cytological, anatomical characters etc.
(C) Omega taxonomy : Omega taxonomy has widest scope. It is based on all the
informations or data available about plants.
(D) Cytotaxonomy : The use of cytological characters of plants in classification or in
solving taxonomic problems is called cytotaxonomy. Cytological characters
constitute an important aid to plant taxonomy, especially in determining
affinities at the generic and infrageneric levels.
(E) Chemotaxonomy :
The uses of chemical characters of plants in classification or in solving
taxonomic problems is called chemotaxonomy or chemical taxonomy. It is based on
the chemical constitution of plants. The fragrance and taste vary from species
to species.
The basic chemical compounds used
in chemotaxonomy are alkaloids, carotenoids, tannins, polysaccharide, nucleic acids, fatty acids,
amino acids, aromatic compounds etc.
(F) Karyotaxonomy :
Based on characters of nucleus and chromosomes. Pattern of chromosomal bands
(dark bands and light bands) is most specific characters.
HISTORY OF
TAXONOMY
(1) Aristotle (382 B.C.) :- Father of
biology & father of zoology
(2) Theophrastus :-
(A) Time - 370 - 285 B.C.
(B) He
is known as father of ancient plant taxonomy and father of botany.
(C) Both
Theophrastus & Aristotle are Greek political philosophers.
(D) Theophrastus
wrote many books on plants. Few of them are as follows
(a) Historia plantarum (b) Causes of plants (c) Enquiry into plants
(E) Theophrastus
gave names and descriptions of 480 plants in his book Historia plantarum.
(F) Theophrastus
proposes the first classification of plant kingdom. He classified plant kingdom
in to four groups on the basis of growth habit -
(a)
Trees (b) Shrubs (c) Under shrubs (d) Herbs
(G) It
is artificial classification.
(H) He
proposed the term Annual, Biennial and Perennials.
(3) Carolus Linnaeus :-
[1707 - 1778]
(A) His
real name was -Carl Von Linne
(B) On
the basis of work in latin language, he changed his name to Carolus Linnaeus.
He was the Swedish scientist
(C) He
is known as father of taxonomy, father of plant taxonomy and father of animal
taxonomy.
(D) Linnaeus
gave the two kingdom system classification. He grouped plants and
animals into kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia respectively.
(E) Linnaeus
wrote many books. Some important books are :-
(1) Hortus uplandicus - First book
(2) Flora lapponica
(3) Philosophia botanica (4)
Critica botanica
(5) Systema naturae (1737)
(6) Genera
plantarum
(7) Species plantarum - last book (1753)
(F) In "Philosophia
botanica" Linnaeus gave the principles of nomenclature.
(G) In
"Systema naturae" Linnaeus gave the scientific names of
animals. In this book he gives the detailed description of animal kingdom.
l He also gave the
outline classification of plant kingdom in this book.
(H) In
"Genera plantarum" Linnaeus gave the detailed description of
plant kingdom.
l He classified the plant kingdom into
24 classes on the basis of stamens and style.
l This was an artificial classification.
l The main basis of Linnaeus
classification was the "Sex organs". Therefore this classification is also known as "Sexual
classification".
(I) In
"Species plantarum" he gave the scientific names of plants.
[He gave the description of 6000 plant species]
(4) A.P. De Candolle :-
(A) He
wrote the book "Theories Elementaire de la botanique"
(B) He
was the first to propose the significance of vascular tissue in taxonomy.
On this basis of
vascular tissue he classified plants into two groups
(a) Cellular plants (Non vascular
plants) - this group includes Thallophyta and Bryophyta
(b) Vascular plants - This group
includes Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm and Angiosperms.
(5) George Bentham (1800
- 1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 - 1911) :-
(A) Both
Bentham and Hooker were related to Royal botanical garden.
(B) Scientists
working in botanical garden are known as curator.
(C) They
wrote the book "Genera plantarum" (1862 - 1883).
In this book, Bentham
and Hooker gave the biggest and natural classification of
spermatophyta i.e. plants with seeds.
Division & Spermatophyta = 202 families
Dicotyledonae Gymnospermae Monocotyledonae
(165 families) (3 families)
(34 families)
Polypetalae - 84 families Gamopetalae - 45 families Monochlamydae
- 36 families
(Free petals) (United
petals) (No
petals)
l In Genera plantarum,
there is description of 202 families. In it, basically the description of
seeded plants is present.
Merits of Bentham and Hooker
classification :-
l The classification of
Bentham and Hooker was natural formal.
l The classification of
Behtham and Hooker was mainly based on the floral characters. This was
very appreciable because floral characters are more stable than vegetative
(root, stem, leaves) characters.
l It is the simplest
classification. Therefore the arrangement of all plants in the botanical
gardens and herbarium of the world is based on it. Although it is not the
best classification but yet the arrangement of plants in botanical gardens
and herbariums is based on it, because it is the simpler one. The main reason
for its simplicity is that this classification is based on actual
observations.
Demerits of Bentham and Hooker :-
l In this classification the phylogeny of plants
is not considered, because in it, gymnosperms are placed in between dicots and
monocots. The sequence of evolution is as follows :-
Phylogeny =
Gymnosperm Dicots Monocots
(6) A.W. Eichler :-
l Syllabus de vorlesungen
uber phanerogamen kunde - Book written by Eichler.
l In this book, Eichler gave the first
phylogenetic classification of plant kingdom.
l The classification of Eichler is very little
phylogenetic.
Plant kingdom
Sub kingdom
Cryptogamia Phanerogamia
(Plants
without flower) (Plants with flower like stru. or
flower)
Those plants in which
reproductive organs Those plants in which reproductive
organs are
are not visible i.e.
not arranged in flower. arranged
in flower or flower like structure
Thallophyta ,Bryophyta, Pteridophyta Gymnosperm ,Angiosperm
(Flower
like structures) (Real
flowers)
In this way Eichler classified
plant kingdom into five divisions and arranged them in the order of
evolution (Phylogeny).
Thallophyta
Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
(7) Engler (1844 - 1930)
& Prantl (1849 - 1893) :-
Book - "Die Naturlichen
Pflanzen Familien"
He gave the phylogenetic
classification of plant kingdom. This classification was more phylogenetic as
compared to Eichler's classification.
Plant Kingdom |
Sub kingdom
Thallophyta Embryophyta
(embryo
absent) (embryo present)
Zoodiogama Siphonogama
Fertilization By - Zoodiogamy Fertilization
by - Siphonogamy
i.e. male gametes are motile and
reach i.e.
male gametes are non motile.
the female gametes by swimming. Male
gametes reach the female
Two groups are included in this
division gametes through pollen tube.
(i) Bryophyta (ii) Pteridophyta
They need water for fertilization,
in this way they are similar
to the phylum amphibia
of animal kingdom.
Siphonogama
(8) Oswald Tippo :-
(A) Proposed
the biggest phylogenetic classification of plant kingdom.
(B) This
classification is the complete classification of plant kingdom.
(C) This
is the most acceptable classification for books and study.
Plant Kingdom
Thallophyta - 10 Divisions Embryophyta
(1) Cyanophyta
– B.G. Algae
(2) Euglenophyta
– Euglenoids
(3) Chlorophyta – Green
algae
(4) Chrysophyta – Yellow
- Green - algae
(5) Pyrrophyta – Dinoflagellates & Diatoms
(6) Phaeophyta – Brown algae
(7) Rhodophyta – Red
algae
(8) Schizomycophyta – Bacteria
(9) Myxomycophyta – Slime
molds (false fungi)
(10) Eumycophyta – True fungi
These ten
divisions include three types of organisms
(1) Algae (2) Bacteria (3) Fungi
(7 - division) (1 - division) (2 -
division)
Embryophyta
tracheata = Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
(Vascular plants) (Non vascular plants) |
(1) Hepaticopsida – Liverworts (1) Psilopsida
–
Psilotum
(2) Anthocerotopsida – Hornworts (2) Lycopsida
–
Club moss(false moss)
(3) Bryopsida – Moss (True) (3) Sphenopsida – Horse tails
(4) Pteropsida – Ferns,Gymno, Angiosperm
Note : Tippo did
not use the word pteridophyta
(9) Karl Menz :
(A) He
showed the importance of serology in taxonomy.
(B) Similarities
and dissimilarities in structure of proteins help to know the phylogenetic
relationship of living beings. Living organisms which are phylogenetically
close relatives have more similarities in their proteins. Organisms which are
distantly related have different proteins.
Note : Phylogenetic relationship of plants and animals
can be established by animal serum.Serology indicates that chimpanzee is
closest relative of man.
(10) Haeckel :-
(A) Haeckel
gave the three kingdom (Protista, Plantae, Animalia) system of
classification.
(B) Haeckel
established the kingdom Protista.
(C) The
term 'Protista' was given by C. Cuvier.
(D) Haeckel
grouped those living organisms in Protista which did not have tissues.
Kingdom
Protista Prokaryotes, Protozoa,
Porifera, Algae & fungi
l First tissue was originated in animal
kingdom in Coelentrata
l First tissues was originated in plant
kingdom in Bryophyta
(11) Copeland :-
He gave the Four
kingdom system of classification.
(i) Mychota
:- Dougherty & Allen gave the name "Monera" to Mychota of
Copeland. All the prokaryotes are grouped in Monera
(ii) Protista or Protctista :- Copeland grouped
those eukaryotes in protista, which are visually different than normal plants
and animals.
eg. Brown algae, Red algae, Fungi, Protozoa
(iii) Plantae or Metaphyta :- Remaining all eukaryotic plants
are grouped.
(iv) Animalia or Metazoa :- Remaining all eukaryotic animals
are grouped.
(12) R. H. Whittaker (1969) :-
(A) He
gave the Five kingdom system of classification.
(B) This
classification was believed to be modern
The five kingdom
classification of Whittaker was based on 3 main characters
(a) Complexity
of Cell :-
Cell is prokaryote or
Eukaryote , on this basis , kingdom Monera is formed. And all the prokaryotes
are grouped in to it.
(b) Complexity
of organism :-
Organism is unicellular
or multicellular , on this basis kingdom Protista was formed, and all the
unicellular eukaryotes are grouped into it.
(c) Nutrition
:-
Organism is autotrophic
or heterotrophic , on this basis kingdom Mycota,
Plantae and Animalia were formed. Except fungi (heterotrophic) all
the plants are autotrophs. Therefore fungi is separated from plants and placed
in kingdom mycota. And remaining all the autotrophic plants are placed in
kingdom - Plantae.
Since all the animals
are heterotrophs, therefore they are placed in fifth kingdom i.e. kingdom
Animalia.
Five Kingdom
1. Monera :- All the
prokaryotes (Eubacteria, Rickettsia Actinomycetes, BGA, Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma)
2. Protista :- All
the Unicellular eukaryotes (Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Slime moulds
and Protozoans)
3. Mycota :- True fungi
4. Plantae :- All the multicellular plants –
Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm,Angiosperm
5. Animalia :- All the multicellular animals
Note : Carl Woese suggested separate kingdom for
"Archaebacteria". He proposed six kingdom classification.
Note : Domain is a super kingdom
category and extra taxonamic catagory
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